Is Miltons Satan the hero of Paradise Lost in any way other than being Research Paper

Is Miltons Satan the legend of Paradise Lost in any capacity other than being the viable hero Is it conceivable to feel for him - Research Paper Example The paper will give a record of Milton’s treatment of Satan, while considering the basic convention and discussion spoke to by some of Teskey pundits referenced previously. Like different stories, Milton’s sonnet, Paradise Lost praises a culture or a religion he intensely battled for. Satan is one character who has and still incites feelings, for example, abhor, scorn, and fear. Be that as it may, these feelings are for the most part evoked by the cultural reflections on Satan and not from singular encounters. For the most part, Satan is a character who is appreciated by certain journalists because of his notoriety of seeking after fiendishness. Milton is one such essayist who exhibits Satan as a saint however in a negative manner (Herman and Sauer 50-54). Milton didn't mean to advocate the evilness related with Satan. Despite what might be expected, he needs to set up Satan’s thought process of needing to be over his companions. While portraying the Creation and Fall of Man, Milton concentrates more on jobs of Satan other than those of God. Nonetheless, he can protect God’s predominance and prudent aims and depict Satan as malevolent and convincing. Milton’s delineates Satan as one who comprehends our inclinations and plans to utilize this information to trick us into accepting that he thinks about us (Answerable Style: The Genre of Paradise Lost Web). As indicated by C. S. Lewis, â€Å"Every sonnet can be considered in two different ways as what the writer needs to state and as a thing which he makes. From the one perspective it is a declaration of conclusions and feelings; from the other, it is an association of words which exists to deliver a specific designed involvement with readers† (Milton and Gordon, â€Å"Paradise Lost: Authoritative Text, Sources and Backgrounds, Criticism† 404). Milton’s sonnet has various varieties of epic shows, which makes it predominant. In Paradise Lost, Satan is one of the characters whom a few pundits, for example, William Blake and Percy Bysshe Shelley think about the epic legend of the sonnet. This

Shakespeare`S Julius Caesar Essays - , Term Papers

Shakespeare'S Julius Caesar In writing, characters are frequently ridiculous, and once in a while do they depict those uncommon highlights that make them human. William Shakespeare was one of only a handful not many ready to make characters with really human highlights .His ability for doing this is obviously illus trated in one of his most notable plays,*+#* Julius Caesar*-#*. This is the interesting story dependent on evident history of the introduction of the Roman Empire, starting with the severe death of their pioneer, Julius Caesar. Three of the characters show th e human qualities of being three-dimensional and dynamic, Anthony, Caesar's steadfast buddy; Cassius, one of the plotters; and Caesar himself. *:s**:S+-2**:#3408,9360* Mark Anthony, Caesar's devoted friend and guardian, has a totally differentiated character. In one manner, he is genuinely lamented by the demise of his dear companion however then again he is savvy and sly and exploits Caesar's passing. He revea ls his savvy and tricky character while he is giving his discourse at Caesar's memorial service. He utilized numerous strategies to get the individuals to agree with him. Mockery, incongruity, turn around brain research, varying media influences, and tears are utilized so as to convince the Plebei ans that Caesar's death wasn't right and his demise must be retaliated for by murdering the schemers. Somewhere down in his heart, he feels sadness and agony despite the fact that he takes bit of leeway of Caesar's demise. *:S+-2**:#4686,9360* Cassius, one of the fundamental schemers engaged with Caesar's demise is additionally a multifaceted individual, in spite of the fact that not as much as Anthony. He had more good judgment than different backstabbers, however the remainder of them didn't value his useful tidbits. He is emoti onal, yet forceful, desirous, hot tempered, indiscreet, peevish, and an instigator. He additionally shows a level of wisdom when he moves toward Brutus to propose his arrangement of killing Caesar. He complimented Brutus by revealing to him how superb he is, and how extraordinary a pioneer he is. He was restless to include Brutus in the scheme since he realized Brutus was a regarded citizen and individuals would hear him out, and he was interested to recognize what had occurred. He likewise shows a level of being fainthearted. Numerous times he realized he was directly in his arrangements, however he didn't have the mental fortitude to continue in them. For instance, when he said not to let Anthony talk at the burial service. *:S+-2**:#4686,9360* Finally, Caesar himself, right on the Roman domain at its pinnacle, had a couple of intriguing perspectives with regards to his character that must not be disregarded. He was scheming, politically brilliant, magnetic, vacillatious, and pompous. As an external self he attempted to seem great, shielding himself against any awful signs that went over to Calpurnia, his better half, the seer, or the augurer. At the point when Anthony previously offered him the crown the, and the seer cautioned him to be careful with the Ides of March, the fifteenth day of the month, he drove him away not having any desire to seem defenseless out in the open. Be that as it may, when we consider him to be his private self, at home with his better half, we perceive how really helpless he is. As his better half cautions him not to go out, he attempts to reclassify the signs as great signs. He doesn't know whether he trusts himself and his protection debilitates. At the point when the schemers come to get him, their concurrence with him reinforces his inner self and he chooses to go. This shows how much the popular conclusion intended to him. *:s**:S+-2**:#426,9360* *:S+ all in all, Shakespeare really was a specialist at depicting human attributes, and every one of his characters are multifaceted, three-dimensional, and dynamic. He has set a model for future journalists to come. Shakespeare Essays

New Technology: Police Body Worn Cameras Essay

Our specialty is as of now going to buy new innovation as official worn cameras. Throughout the following five years this innovation will be set up. The police office will see numerous advantages from this innovation in the territories of proof safeguarding, diminished obligation and improved proficiency for the police division. The official worn camera is a gadget that has gotten financially savvy and productive in size and abilities. The camera is joined to the Officers uniform and permits the official to catch video and sound of his exercises all through his voyage through obligation. This will be utilized to report traffic stops, assent look and â€Å"res gestae† articulations made to officials. The official worn camera will diminish bogus charges made against officials, and the insightful overhead that joins these claims. The future advantages from the official worn cameras in the decrease of obligation to the city, the police division and the official. As indicated by Sir Ronnie Flanagan’s policing audit distributed a week ago, in addition to the fact that cameras provide improved proof, they can likewise decrease the time taken to record occurrence reports by 22 percent, which would give officials an additional 50 minutes of watch time per official every day, as per the report (Kelly, 2008) In this new time of spending shortages and reduced labor this new innovation can give an increasingly proficient police office by saving time that is ordinarily spent on pointless examinations. Executing revealing methodology utilizing cameras and video can likewise lessen time spent on report composing obligations. In Conclusion, the acquisition of the official worn cameras will diminish risk in situations where misleading complaints are made. Video explanations can be utilized protect proof and the ability of detailing will make an increasingly effective police office. References: Cultivate, R. E. (2005). Police innovation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall Kelly, N. (2008). Police pilot body-worn cameras. Figuring, 6. Recovered from http://search.proquest.com/docview/212414151?accountid=32521

Judaism and Ecology - Free Essay Example

How does thinking about sacred time help create a Jewish approach to the ecological crisis? Daniel Shin There are many advances in civilization evident today, but in terms of natural environmental development, society faces ecological problems in that natural resources are being continually depleted at an astonishing rate, pollutions in the form of gasses overtaking the atmosphere, plastics polluting oceans, global warming impacting safe temperatures, and more. This technical civilization may be beneficial for a utilitarian approach, but from an ecological perspective, these issues must be addressed. Implementing Judaisms practice of sacred time using the Sabbath is one way to approach this.. The idea is to set apart time in which people focus on the present time and take in the atmosphere and nature, completely focusing on the spiritual state of being. Relationships with others is also a key priority. It is important to refrain from actions that alter or remake space and actions that could cause earth harm. This also means to respect and treat the earth with care. For the Jewish people, the Sabbath is their sacred time. Heschel mentions, things created in six days he considered good, the seventh day he made holy (Heschel, 75). To the Jews given through the Torah, God created the earth in six days, then rested on the seventh. This rest is regarded highly because God the creator Himself made the decision to rest. The decision to rest is a symbol and instruction for His people to meditate and connect with their spiritual being. A time to calm down from working hard the whole week to recuperate back to full health. Instead of driving to school, walk and get some exercise in. Allow the body to keep up with the week and focus on strengthening the spirit. Keeping the Sabbath in society today may prove difficult as one whole day must be devoted to rest, but this change in lifestyle can very well impact earths ecological issues for the better, while also allowing people to connect with their spirit to relax and continue the coming week in a more productive manner after being well rested. Billions of people around the world keeping the Sabbath would prove dramatic results in terms of a more sustainable and healthy planet, especially reducing gas emissions from automobiles, lowering electricity usage and more. Heschel mentions the danger of the utilitarian ethic to nature in, Man has indeed become primarily a tool-making animal, and the world is now a gigantic tool-box for the satisfaction of his needs. (Swetlitz, 244) Although extreme, Heschels point is that as people continue basing their ethics on utilitarianism, the earth will only be used for its usefulness. Not for its beauty as Gods creation. If the world is nothing but resources to be extracted and used, then value in people will only be usable as things. Therefore, to combat this, the Sabbath provides that opportunity to set usefulness to the side and focus on the beauty and splendor of nature. Take time to see what God has created and respect it, while also resting from any actions that stress or burden. In a God-centered universe, all life becomes a source of wonder. (Swetlitz, 245) This wonder is seen only after first putting down usefulness. Abrams mentions one specific way to be with nature in, Tending the crop between Sukkot and Shavuot deepened my involvement with Jewish living and my connection to the natural world in ways I never would have expected. (Abrams, 157) Here Abrams is able to deepen his spiritual being by tending crops, but this was only possible through a time of rest in planting crops and connecting with nature. Another issue regarding dangers to the earth is over-consumption. The earth is limited in resources so limiting consumption is key for finding solutions. Diamond states, We pursue our dreams of wealth and comfort only to discover that they are a chimera, and we are unable to find a viable vision to replace our shattered dreams. We feel like cogs in a machine, unable to change the course of our own lives, much less the complexion of society, (Diamond, 81) that people have this thirst for more things that we want, but dont have. This thirst that can never be fulfilled leads people to over consume products that are not necessarily needed. Diamond then introduces the Jewish way of consuming it, The Jewish view of consumption begins with the belief that the earth belongs to God. (Diamond, 81) This way gives thanks to God for using the land and resources while also respecting them. Especially on the Sabbath when we have time to give thanks and cannot spend money which limits consumption to only six days a week. There is also the fact that over-consumption can cause major life issues which are clearly described in Excessive consumption can wreak havoc in ones personal life and rob on of the life of the spirit. The attempt to satisfy every fleeting impulse, a common phenomenon in our world of ubiquitous advertising and malls, begins with our thoughts. (Diamond, 84) By respecting resources as if they were Gods, then people can control their desires of over-consumption and limit consumption to only what is necessary for a sustainable life which also leads to a total sustainable economy. The many ecological issues society faces today are difficult to overcome and require future sacrifices and changes. Through the Sabbath, society can approach ethics in a new direction of respecting and thanking nature and connecting with inner being away from the utilitarianism aspect of things valued only by usefulness. And because of this, people can learn to connect with nature and fin d value in things spiritually and in nature itself. Changing the way, we approach resources can also bring about change in over-consumption one day of the week at a time. By respecting resources as Gods, then we can focus on taking only what is necessary for life. Victor Kimarud Time is an exciting concept. We all probably have heard the saying that time waits for no one. We are all running out of time and so is the planet with the way we humans keep on treating it. What are ways that we can help save the planet from the ecological crisis that is ahead of us and also at the same time enriching our lives? We can do this by adopting the idea of the Sabbath and sacred time from the Jewish religion. This is the idea that we need to slow down and start thinking of the decisions that we make and how it impacts our lives and the environment around us. Heschel describes the Sabbath in a fascinating way The Sabbath is not for the sake of the weekdays; the weekdays are for the sake of Sabbath. It is not an interlude but the climax of living. (Pg 14, Heschel) This brings us to the idea that we should live our lives in a way that we look towards the Sabbath, a day of rest where we can focus on ourselves and reflect on the week. When we rest on the Sabbath, we should als o allow nature to take a rest too. In order for us to value nature more, we need to experience sacred time. In Sirinsky, The Land of Your Soul comes up with the idea of river time as sacred time. When I ?found Judaism, I discovered that my tradition to my surprise integrated ?river time into its weekly calendar. The Jews I knew fondly referred to this particular time, this sense of timelessness, as Shabbat time. (Pg 121, Sirinsky) River time is a moment when the time changes entirely. Its when you stop keeping track of time and let nature take over. Judaism has river time built into the calendar as the Sabbath this is a time when we unplug from the technical civilization and tap into our souls and nature. Sabbath is like river time because before we get there, we must spend time preparing for our journey. In river time you get ready for your trip by planning the map out, checking all the gear and packing up. In Sabbath, we make sure we have all our work done in 6 days then on the 6th day we prepare for the Sabbath on the 7th day. This is the day that we allow ourselves to become one with nature. This brings us to the idea of technical civilization. We are living at the age of time where we covet material objects. This is not good for the environment since all we do is take, take, take without taking a moment and thinking about the consequences of our actions. Man has indeed become primarily a tool-making animal, and the world is now a gigantic tool-box for the satisfaction of his needs. (Swetlitz, 244). If we continue treating the world as a giant tool-box, we are going to end up running out of tools and ultimately leading to destroying our planet. This is why we need to let the planet rest from the toil and abuse we put it through. Finks talks about in his article This, the fourth commandment, recognizes that not only human beings need a weekly day of rest. Shabbat provides all nature with a much-needed respite and an opportunity to recover from the heavy s train imposed by humanitys labors.(Pg 114, Fink). If the world decided to adopt this idea of Shabbat the planet would be able to be saved since humans are going to allow the world a day of rest. Where we do not take anything from the world and let the planet have a day where it can recover from the constant toil that we put it through. The Jewish religion looks at the Sabbath as a day where all of Gods creation rest from the toil of the other six days. In Heschels book, he says The Sabbath, thus, is more than an armistice, more than an interlude; it is a profound conscious harmony of man and the world, sympathy for all things and participation in the spirit that unites what is below and what is above. (Pg 31-32, Heschel) This brings us back to the main idea of using the Sabbath as one of the keys to solving the ecological crisis going on in our world today. When we take a step back and reconnect with both our spirit this allows us to create harmony with the world and unite us. When we allow this to happen, we can open our eyes to whats going on around us and how we are affecting nature and what we can do to stop the ecological crisis going on. I agree with Daniel that we can learn from the Jewish religion that we should value the planet and our souls. In Ellen Cohn, Rain and the Calendar she explains to us that the world was a gift from God and that we should treat it with respect, kindness, and dignity. She states God created the world, taught us to care for it, and demanded that we comply. We would be rewarded with bounty or famine depending on how we lived how we treated each other, and how we treated nature. (Pg 128, Ellen Cohn) When we treat the world how God taught us, so we will be able to save it from an ecological crisis. Kevin Jansen The urgency that surrounds saving the environment can often feel like a modern effort in response to a modern problem. The post industrial revolution world is a fast moving one and the consequent damage to nature can feel overwhelming when compared to the rest of human history. What becomes interesting is how the answer to this seemingly modern problem may lie in the text of an ancient religion. Human exploitation of the environment is arguably at unprecedented levels in the modern age, but Judaism proves that this is not an entirely new dilemna. Judaism introduces the important concept of sacred time and in this sacred time much can be learned about the dynamic between humans and nature, and more importantly, the divine significance in preserving this dynamic. Sacred time reveals the human relationship with God and preserving the Earth is a crucial step in maintaining that relationship. Sacred time has to be explained as a concept before learning how it relates to saving the environ ment. In order to understand this concept of sacred time, one should look no further than Abraham Joshua Heschels The Sabbath. When describing the seventh day of the week, he describes it as being a day of detachment from things, instruments, and practical affairs as well as of attachment to the spirit (Heschel 29). Sacred time is a sort of elevation from the earthly realm and Heschel illustrates it as a time in which people are at their closest to God spiritually, because they do not concern themselves with worldly matters that occupy their mind on other days of the week. Sacred time is embodied by other quotes, like when he describes the Sabbath as The vision of a window in eternity that opens into time (Heschel 16) along with numerous other instances. The point in all of Heschels romantic language is that humans can attain something during sacred time that cant be experienced in the ordinary world. Sabbath is a chance to escape the shackles of Earth and become something more than human. The divine connectivity of sacred time described by Heschel can also be found explained elsewhere. This can be demonstrated in Lawrence Trosters In Your Goodness You Renew Creation: Creation Cycles in Jewish Liturgy. Troster explains the creation and historical prayers Shma and Amidah, and specifically how they relate to sacred time. He writes The Shma and Amidah represent a journey in which we first accept the covenant and then are admitted† with praise and thanksgiving† into the metaphorical temple, the microcosm of Creation. We start with history and move to eternity (Troster 110) Through this quote a cycle begins to emerge. Humans live their lives through the six days of the week and on the seventh day they experience a moment of renewal. This cycle will repeat over and over. Unlike many other religions, where any equivalent to sacred time might only exist in the afterlife, Judaism presents an opportunity to feel a deep connection with God every Sabbath. With the idea of sacred time roughly understood, Judaisms ecological relevance can now be explored. Daniel brings ecology into the equation by viewing the Sabbath in a literal sense. He points out that the Earth is given an opportunity to rest as a consequence of human rest and I agree with this assessment. I will argue however that the tenets of Judaism and sacred time ensure the earth is given rest on more than just the Sabbath. In Eliezer Diamonds piece Jewish Perspectives on Limiting Consumption, he calls attention to a verse from Deuteronomy, You shall eat from the tree, but not cut it down (85). You might take from the tree and enjoy its fruits, but to permanently strip it from the environment is not permitted. He adds his own words stating that This directive could be applied today to limit consumption to what is necessary for a sustainable economy (Diamond 86). Despite not being on the Sabbath, there are significant rules in Judaism that allow for the Earth to rest. This idea of limited consumption is one of the answers to the ecological question of how humans should exist in nature. The principles of ecology emerge once more in Ellen Bernsteins The Tu Bshvat Seder. The human and nature relationship is illustrated during a Seder in the quote, when people eat the fruit of a plant, they are eating of the plants divine energy When they recite a blessing, they offer up divine energy that the angel can direct back toward the fruit (Bernstein 143). The kind of behavior being encouraged in this quote is one of gratitude. Bernstein also mentions that those who do not give a blessing after taking fruit prevent the angel from having the energy needed to restore the tree. This can be applied in a non spiritual context in how the ungrateful human that does not give a blessing for the fruit can easily be the ungrateful human that will take more than they need or even cut down the tree. The relationship described here can also be tied back to Diamonds ideas about limited consumption in how it promotes respect for the trees and indirectly discourages humans from exp loiting this source of pleasure. Jewish ecological practices are similarly explored in the My Jewish Learning article Traditional Jewish Teachings on Nature and the Environment. The author explains Rabbinic law also innovated environmental legislation of other sorts. Civic concerns alone, without wider ecological considerations, were sufficient, to make the rabbis of the Mishnah and Talmud promulgate laws requiring safe waste disposal, the location of what today would be called industrial zones at a distance from settled areas (No Author Given) This might not relate to limited consumption, but it is undoubtedly proof that Judaism aimed to protect the environment beyond just the Sabbath. The level of conscientiousness towards nature remains impressive, but with all of these rules established, how might ecology relate to sacred time? Heschels description of sacred time on the Sabbath and the ecological aspects of Judaism can now be brought together. Victor mentions that when humans treat the world as God intended, the environment can be saved from an ecological disaster. I agree with this idea and where Victor explored what it means to follow Gods intention, I will explore the role of humans in this dynamic. In Living as if God Mattered: Heschels View of Nature and Humanity, Marc Swetlitz paints a picture of the relationship between humans, God, and the environment. He displays this in the quote, Aware that God created the world Aware that we are permitted by God to subdue the earth for six days a week, we labor to transform nature to satisfy our needs while maintaining a constant awareness of Gods presence (Swetlitz 249) An idea of modesty is being pushed forward where humans are supposed to know their place. Earth was given to humans by God and they may be in a position to use it, but they are not in a position to destroy it. As a creation of God, it is to be respected and preserved. The quote also ties into Heschels ideas about the Sabbath. The sacred time of the seventh day can only be experienced if humans allow the Earth to rest, but they must also follow the other ecological rules. Even though the Sabbath is a day for rest, that does not mean humans are given free reign to exploit the environment as much as they want on the other six days. The aforementioned ecological rules and practices explained by Diamond and Bernstein are there to keep people permanently conscientious, because there can not be a sacred time unless humans respect the creations of God on all days. Sacred time may not specifically be about protecting nature, but environmental conscientiousness is definitely a product of it. Judaism is very much concerned with what lies beyond the earthly realm. In an effort to understand it and become closer with the divine, the religion encourages individuals to look after the planet given to them by God. Whether it be during the modern era with its impressive relevancy, or when the religion was only in its infancy, the ecological truths embedded in Judaism are integral to comprehending a humans role in the environment.

Pros and Cons of Taking a Year Off Before College Essay...

It’s your senior year of high school. It is time for you to decide what you want to do after you graduate. You have a few possible things that you could do. You could start applying for colleges, get accepted to one, and then go to college right out of high school; or you could do the same thing, but take a year off. This brings up the argument of whether or not a student should take off a gap year before they begin college. There are both, pros and cons to taking a gap year prior to starting college. In this paper, you are going to read about some of the benefits of taking a gap year before college, as well as some of the negative affect of taking a gap year before college. Students should take a gap year before starting college;†¦show more content†¦Since the student is currently learning some independence, this is a great time where they can get to know themselves better. During a gap year, students have the opportunity to get to know them as well as learn what they want to do in life (Ma, 2014). Back in 2013, there were interviews given to many students at different universities, about their experience with a gap year. A student by the name of Eden Full, Princeton University, stated that since he was young, he was always on the path to success. With a gap year, it had given him time to learn some new skills and explore some new interests that he had never had before (Lazaro, 2013). Another student by the name of Tiffany Yanagida, a computer science major at University of Nebraska-Lincoln, stated that a gap year had given her some time to find out her future career path. This was something that she had no idea about at the young age of 18 (Lazaro, 2013). This is a great time to have fun, build up your social network, and go out and enjoy the world. It is true that as the years go by, the cost of college is increasing. But as of October 2013, it was revealed that the rate of cost increase is falling in slow increments: 8.5% in 2011 to 4.5% in 2012 to 2.9% in 2013 (Ma, 2014). This is all thanks to there being better grant and tax benefits. This might mean that it is a great idea to wait to go to college, until the lower priceShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Benefits Of Taking A Gap Year868 Words   |  4 PagesAlondra Aviles Gallegos Persuasive Speech Gap Year Introduction I. Attention Getter A. Do you ever think about all the years you have spent in school, and about the years waiting for you to graduate? B. It can be pretty frustrating for those people who are struggling with grades, or for those whose careers take FOREVER to complete. II. Establish Credibility A. After doing extensive research, I found an interesting, fun, and adventurous way to get rid of all the stress caused by school. III. 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Ethical Theories Supporting Different Moral Perspectives...

Introduction There are numerous ethical theories supporting different moral perspectives of human actions. The various theories differ according to the way in which they require people to act, and in their fundamental arguments. Because of different perspectives and philosophical views, no ethical theory can be said to be superior to the other. The paper that follows describes and defends the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Reasons why Utilitarianism is the Correct Ethical Theory i. It reinforces rationality in judging the morality of actions. ii. It is based on sound premises and is not rigid as traditional ethical codes. iii. It makes moral judgments to be objectively true. Overview of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is one of the most influential and best known ethical theories. Just like other versions of consequentialism, utilitarianism is premised on the idea that whether an act is morally wrong or right depends on its effects. 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Developing a stakeholder’s relations management strategy around crisis simulations would be helpful to guide corporate actions when the crisis has developed. According to Crane Matten (2010), stake holders are identified

Ancient History Evoultion of the Earth Essay Example For Students

Ancient History Evoultion of the Earth Essay The Greek geographers of the later Roman period developed systematic calculations for the mapping and shaping of the earth. However, what would come to replace these systematic calculations? Why were the ideologies of a flat earth accepted and why were those of a spherical earth ridiculed? The answer to this question is very simple and can be answered by one clear and concise word: Religion. Thus saith the Lord God; This is Jerusalem: I have set it in the midst of the nations and countries that are round about her. (Ezekiel 5:5)This verse from the of book Ezekiel simply states that the city of Jerusalem should be in the center of all maps created. This eliminated the need for any latitude or longitude. Before hand, there had been more than six hundred maps created, not one having this holy city as the center. There was nothing new about putting the most sacred place at the center says Boorstin. The Hindus placed Mount Meru, a mythological 70,000 foot high mountain at the center of their map. In the Muslim faith, the Kabah in Mecca was the highest point on earth and the polestar showed the city of Mecca to be opposite the center of the sky. As one can clearly see, many maps, had different centers. Each map had a different center, each based on a different religion. Many years before the birth of Jesus Christ, the Greeks theorized that the earth was a globe. But after that, there was a period in history called The Great Interruption. This period was categorized by a complete silence where people in general, forgot about the issue of whether the earth was flat or whether it was a globe. Another reason that brought the theories of a globular world to rest was because the priests told the general public that the earth was flat. Priests such as St. Augustine and others invented the Antipode theory, which stated that a world shaped like a globe is impossible because objects would be hanging downwards and growing backwards. Once again, religion played a major part in this argument that would rage on for many years to come. To conclude, much like the theories of the priests in the first 400 years after the birth of Jesus Christ, who said that Jerusalem was the center of a flat earth, one might be able to relate this period in time to a much more recent and modern one. Prior to the French Revolution in 1789, France was ruled by an absolute divine right monarchy. The institution that had the most power at the time was the Catholic church. No one in France would ever dare question the word of the Church. Everything the Church said had to be true and that was that. This is further reinforced by the churchs persecution of Copernicus who later again theorized that the earth was not the center of the solar system. This illustrates that 1000 years later, religion remained the backbone of society, and to a lesser extent, the same still holds true today in certain societies

Slavery In Maryland Essays - Slavery, Abuse, Crimes Against Humanity

Slavery In Maryland slavery in maryland The end of the war brought a spirit of hope to the people in the country. The state of Maryland responded with new projects and reform throughout the state. Along with the political and social reforms came reform in agriculture, one of Maryland's main economic resources. However, agriculture is closely tied with slavery. The slavery system at this time grew more humane in comparison with the previous eras (235). With a seemingly more lenient system, Maryland earned its reputation as having a mildly abusive system. This doesn't mean that abuse didn't occur. Those enchained under the system in Maryland still suffered physical, mental, and even sexual abuses. Although slavery may have seemed like a part of a political program to help the economics of the state, the reality of it is abuse and suffering. Overall, Maryland did live up to its reputation of a middle temperament state in terms of slavery. Maryland law limited the master to ten lashes, prohibited him from abusing slaves, and required him to supply blacks?with adequate food, clothing, shelter, and rest (236). However, limited abuse does not equate to absence of abuse. There were many shocking accounts of brutal physical abuse in the state. One slave recalls his master who considered whipping as essential to the good of the soul as the body (237). It was the only method of control and authority that the owners had over their slaves. In one incidence, there was a master who forced an old woman to stay outside and search for the sheep that she had lost. She was later found frozen to death outside (236). The masters were often insensitive to the humanness of the slaves. There was ano ther account of a southern Maryland master who would walk behind slaves as they picked tobacco worms and make them eat any they had missed (236). There was a witness who described the seven blacks who took turns standing at the bow breaking river ice with long wooden clubs. Each stint left them exhausted and covered with frozen splashes (239). Although the males usually suffered greatly, the abuse of the women slaves were also horrific. One plantation mistress?would sometimes attack her [the slave]?.'with shovel, tongs, or whatever other weapon lay within her reach? (236). There were also reports of owners who force 'bred' their slaves, fastening them together until a future slave was made (238). Women were vulnerable to sexual abuses, such as countless rapes by the white male owners. One child that resulted from a forced intercourse was Frederick Douglass, one of the most influential freed slaves of his time. When he described his time under his owner Lloyd, the story was not compl etely reflective of the sufferings that have been described of slavery, especially those in the South. As a slave, he played with one of the Lloyd children, ran errands for the master's family, and enjoyed the 'gala days' when slaves from all the Lloyd farms gathered to collect their monthly allowances of cornmeal and pork. (187). However, in spite of this exception, the reality of the inhumane treatment remains evident in the accounts told above. As long as the state instituted the slavery system, abuse was inevitable. Although Maryland was a state that had legalized slavery, their stance on the issue did not necessarily completely reflect their reputation as a middle temperament due to the abuse that existed. In the midst of the growing prosperity, the institution of slavery prevailed along with the characteristic abuses and cruel punishment. History Reports

Free Essays on Summary Of A Midsummer Nights Dream

The play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare is about three different groups of characters. The first group is consists of Theseus, the Duke of Athens, who is preparing to marry Hippolyta, the Queen of the Amazons. Egeus, mother of Hermia, arrives at Theseus’ s home with Hermia and two suitors, Demetrius and Lysander. Lysander and Hermia are deeply in love, but Egeus wishes Hermia to marry Demetrius. Egeus then asks Theseus for the full penalty of law to fall on Hermia’s head if she refuses to marry Demetrius. Theseus gives Hermia until his wedding to consider her options, warning her that if she disobeys her mother, she could be sent to a convent or even executed. After that, Hermia and Lysander make plans to escape Athens and marry at Lysander’s aunt’s house. Lysander and Hermia tell Helena, who is in love with Demetrius, of their plans to elope. Helena then tells Demetrius of Lysander and Hermia’s planned elopement, and Demetrius storms into the woods after his love, and Helena follows him; as much as he hates her. The second group of characters consists of a bunch of fairies, the fairy king, Oberon, and his queen, Titania. The third group of characters is a band of Athenian craftsmen rehearsing a play that they hope to perform for Theseus and Hippolyta’s wedding. Oberon and Titania are fighting over a young prince given to Titania, by the prince’s mother. Oberon wishes to make him a knight, but Titania refuses. Seeking revenge, Oberon has Puck, his court jester, find some flower that when you spread its juice on the eyelids of a sleeping person, that person will be in love with the first thing he or she sees upon waking. Puck obtains the flower and Oberon tells him of his plans to spread its juice on Titania’s sleeping eyelids. Oberon had seen how horribly that Demetrius was to Helena and ordered Puck to spread some if its juice on Demetrius‘s eyes. Puck goes out to find Demetrius... Free Essays on Summary Of A Midsummer Night's Dream Free Essays on Summary Of A Midsummer Night's Dream The play, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare is about three different groups of characters. The first group is consists of Theseus, the Duke of Athens, who is preparing to marry Hippolyta, the Queen of the Amazons. Egeus, mother of Hermia, arrives at Theseus’ s home with Hermia and two suitors, Demetrius and Lysander. Lysander and Hermia are deeply in love, but Egeus wishes Hermia to marry Demetrius. Egeus then asks Theseus for the full penalty of law to fall on Hermia’s head if she refuses to marry Demetrius. Theseus gives Hermia until his wedding to consider her options, warning her that if she disobeys her mother, she could be sent to a convent or even executed. After that, Hermia and Lysander make plans to escape Athens and marry at Lysander’s aunt’s house. Lysander and Hermia tell Helena, who is in love with Demetrius, of their plans to elope. Helena then tells Demetrius of Lysander and Hermia’s planned elopement, and Demetrius storms into the woods after his love, and Helena follows him; as much as he hates her. The second group of characters consists of a bunch of fairies, the fairy king, Oberon, and his queen, Titania. The third group of characters is a band of Athenian craftsmen rehearsing a play that they hope to perform for Theseus and Hippolyta’s wedding. Oberon and Titania are fighting over a young prince given to Titania, by the prince’s mother. Oberon wishes to make him a knight, but Titania refuses. Seeking revenge, Oberon has Puck, his court jester, find some flower that when you spread its juice on the eyelids of a sleeping person, that person will be in love with the first thing he or she sees upon waking. Puck obtains the flower and Oberon tells him of his plans to spread its juice on Titania’s sleeping eyelids. Oberon had seen how horribly that Demetrius was to Helena and ordered Puck to spread some if its juice on Demetrius‘s eyes. Puck goes out to find Demetrius...

Gender roles in leadership and how they impact behavior Research Paper

Gender roles in leadership and how they impact behavior - Research Paper Example Action of any leader has been always dependent on the response given by the followers, and these actions also responsible to control the leader’s future activities. Therefore according to Sullivan leadership in a mutual process of influence between an individual (leader) and the followers to achieve a certain goal. (Sullivan, 2009, abstract). With the development of society and work culture, it is now very clear that the opportunity to free both men and women from the concept of gender stereotype is already there, to understand the implication of this change it is quite essential to discuss about the history of gender roles in respect to leadership. According to Perschel (2009), There was a long standing though that men were strong and assertive where as women were communal, strong and understanding, this was the thought process presented to describe why the successful women were not the leaders. But according to her, this concept brought few questions such as why in the first place leadership was only associated with men and so on (Perschel, 2009). History of leadership: During 1900 most of the people were not well educated and therefore he leadership role was associated with only a few men, the theory of the great man clarified the fact that due to that less education only a handful of men was associated with leadership power and enjoy superiorintelectual and moral capabilities. But after world war I and II, the scenery started to change as more people get well educated and different industry all over the world was in search for more leaders. During the middle of 1900 century people who was acting as the leaders were used the military style and command .These were also noticed in different hierarchialorganizations where the prevalence of command and control level were established. Most of the leaders were men and the power was distributed among them. They used to be dominative, aggressive and individualistic. By the late 20th century women used to take part in the management activities but at the beginning they have to learn how they could survive in the culture of command and control of men. The minority group of female, who entered the management structure are initially recognized just as tokens. Perschel refers to the concept of â€Å" rules of three†- there was a necessity to have at least two people supporting the thoughts of minority groups, before it could be heard by the dominant male management team. According to her, women needed to show their power-both individualism and assertiveness with a proper balance of feminity, softness and community orientation to be heard and get proper attention by the top management (Perschel, 2009). Change in Gender Stereotype in Leadership: With the development of the world economy and standard of work culture it is at present absolutely necessary that every organization has to be fast and nimble in order to be successful. leaders of the top management need to create a work culture where the employees feel comfortable and adapt quickly.the high performing work force can only be managed by a leader who have qualities that ensured 6the belief on each and

MK 491 Seminar in Marketing-Report Research Paper

MK 491 Seminar in Marketing-Report - Research Paper Example Since then it has literally transformed to a giant firm employing over 10,000 people. Google Inc. is a household name for their search engine service. Google has become so big now that it has almost become a new word in English language. Research Question The Research question posed here is discussion of the product, pricing, promotion and distribution strategies adopted by Google Inc. Literature Review Google Inc. is one of the top technology companies in the world. It offers a range of products and services which caters to the needs of the users. This company is present across different domain in the Internet and most of the consumers use their products and services in everyday life. Google hence uses different strategies to market their diverse products and services. Since they offer such diverse set of products and services, they use different market segmentation strategy to reach out to their consumer base. Their positioning strategy has to be prefect so that they live up to con sumers demands. Similarly their pricing and distribution strategy has to be developed to make them be on profit terms with other competitors. Analysis and Findings Overall business and marketing strategy of Google For Google their biggest success factor is the search engine which they have created. Google alone earns millions of rupees through advertisements. For Google information gathering is the key to their success. It makes all the products and services in such a way that it caters to all the segments in the market. This makes non-profit and private use by users absolutely free of cost. The founders of Google have a strong liking to education and libraries. The atmosphere of the company is like a university where continuous research and analysis of their product and services are done. They strive continuously for better search methods so that more useful information is available to the consumers through as many means as possible. Hence all the employees are encouraged to create something new and are rewarded for their effort through means like freedom with work hours, free meals, competitive pay etc. It organizes Annual Code Jam international competition which aims at solving the mind racing problems, and the winner is given large amounts of money. This helps them to find bright new employees. Hence Google primary business strategy is the innovation which the innovation in their products and services which they brings in front of the consumers. They have been largely successful at their overall business strategy. Segmentation strategy The segmentation strategy of Google is very diverse. Google has a diverse product line and hence it is present everywhere to cater to a number of users worldwide. For instance Google Search and other products are available to users at over 110 languages and it is still expanding (Anderson, Lazarus, Loftsgaarden and Weiss, 2003). According to a survey conducted in United States it was seen that their Search Engine was popular among users less than 34 years of age. Among them 55% of the users are male. Their users are predominantly technologically adept. Most of the users are business professionals. Again the products like Google plus, Google hangout, Picasa indicate that they are targeting the young peoples who are in their colleges and like to engage in social networking. One of the best Google products is the YouTube

Introduction to Organisations and Management Assignment - 4

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Assignment Example The various inputs in an organization includes human efforts in the form of workforce, financial inputs in the form of investments, informational inputs in the form of ideas and material inputs in the form of a structure and various equipment for the working of the staff. Utilizing these four inputs an organization is supposed to generate two major outputs, the first one is achievement of the set goals and targets which include production of quality products, provision of quality services and betterment of environment. The second output is the employee satisfaction. While working ‘employees develop a psychological contract with the organization which is based on expectations from each other, the managers and the organization’ (Schein, 1965). The expectations are always based on a feeling that the employee himself is contributing towards the success of the organization so he ‘considers himself entitled to enjoy the benefits of success’ (Armstrong, 2001). ... Since both the companies, Watsons Engine Components and H & M Consulting are operating in a global scenario therefore both are dealing with a complex dynamic external environment with large number of dissimilar external factors changing frequently. Political Factors: The political factors in case of both the organizations are same because both operate in a multinational scenario but H & M Consulting, being a large organization operating in different regions of the world have to adjust to various changing scenarios according the political situation of the region and therefore the managers in H & M Consulting encourage a flexible behavior and flexible approach to providing solutions to problems. While the organizational structure and approach at Watsons is rigid and conservative because it does not have to adapt to various political scenarios. This has created internal politics in Watsons while H & M Consulting is free from any kind of internal politics. Social Factors: Watsons is leas t affected by social factors because it is least concerned about the impacts of the organization on society, while various external social factors like the preference of technological advanced companies will reduce the customers of Watsons in near future. On the other hand the customers are very much satisfied with services offered by H & M Consulting because they have proper CSR programs, have incorporated technological advancement in their organization and are concerned about their repute in the society. Technological Aspects: The technology is advancing every other day but Watsons is not willing to incorporate latest technologies in its assembly line partly because of financial constraints and partly due to lack of initiative. As a result the company has a very so

Functions of an OS Platform-(03) :: essays research papers

Functions of an Operating System Operating Systems is a computer program that controls the operation of the hardware of a computer and the execution of programs. The primary functions of an operating system include: 1) Managing and controlling the hardware of the computer, e.g., drivers 2) Interfacing between hardware and software, i.e. how programs and applications use hardware – keyboard, mouse, monitor. 3) Managing memory, i.e., multitasking, multiprocessing and threads 4) Managing and executing applications 5) Diagnosing problems with software and hardware 6) Managing Storage Devices and Files, e.g., NTFS and Netware file system 7) Providing a User Interface Additional Functions of a Network Operating System Where multiple hosts share the workload and resources, but each host executes its own programs 1) Connecting to the Network, e.g., network interface card drivers, communication protocols, and client services. 2) Enabling remote users to access and share resources, and user interfaces to use various share services, e.g., utilities, web access, SMTP. 3) Provide additional security to access shared resources, i.e., authorization (logon) and authorization (resources) services. 4) Provide applications for network use, e.g., Web, SMTP, and DHCP servers. 5) Provide network diagnostics utilities. Types of Network Operating Systems Peer-to-Peer or Workgroup Model Any computer can be a server or a client, or both. Examples of these NOS include Microsoft Networking and Windows 2k Member servers The security system is decentralized, and is stored in the local registry. Practical for networks up 5 to 10 computers with limited sharing and low security requirements. Every server maintains its own security system. this means that you must have a password on each server. Peer-to-Peer or Workgroups Advantages Disadvantages Easy-to-share resources No centralized control over resources Resources are distributed across all computers No centralized account management Little administrative overhead No centralized administration Simple to design No centralized security system Easy to implement Inefficient for more than 20 computers Convienent for small groups in close proximity Security must be configured manually Less expensive or free software, does not require a centralized server Increased training to educate users to use their computer as both a client and a server. Domain (Client/Server) Model The designation of one computer to centralize the administration of shared resources and security. It is generally recommended that a computer would be only used as either as a client or a server, but not both. For example, share files will be stored on the server. Windows NT/2K domain controllers, Active directory and Netware are examples of the client Server model. Client/Server or Domain Model Advantages Disadvantages Centralized resource sharing Significant administrative effort and overhead Functions of an OS Platform-(03) :: essays research papers Functions of an Operating System Operating Systems is a computer program that controls the operation of the hardware of a computer and the execution of programs. The primary functions of an operating system include: 1) Managing and controlling the hardware of the computer, e.g., drivers 2) Interfacing between hardware and software, i.e. how programs and applications use hardware – keyboard, mouse, monitor. 3) Managing memory, i.e., multitasking, multiprocessing and threads 4) Managing and executing applications 5) Diagnosing problems with software and hardware 6) Managing Storage Devices and Files, e.g., NTFS and Netware file system 7) Providing a User Interface Additional Functions of a Network Operating System Where multiple hosts share the workload and resources, but each host executes its own programs 1) Connecting to the Network, e.g., network interface card drivers, communication protocols, and client services. 2) Enabling remote users to access and share resources, and user interfaces to use various share services, e.g., utilities, web access, SMTP. 3) Provide additional security to access shared resources, i.e., authorization (logon) and authorization (resources) services. 4) Provide applications for network use, e.g., Web, SMTP, and DHCP servers. 5) Provide network diagnostics utilities. Types of Network Operating Systems Peer-to-Peer or Workgroup Model Any computer can be a server or a client, or both. Examples of these NOS include Microsoft Networking and Windows 2k Member servers The security system is decentralized, and is stored in the local registry. Practical for networks up 5 to 10 computers with limited sharing and low security requirements. Every server maintains its own security system. this means that you must have a password on each server. Peer-to-Peer or Workgroups Advantages Disadvantages Easy-to-share resources No centralized control over resources Resources are distributed across all computers No centralized account management Little administrative overhead No centralized administration Simple to design No centralized security system Easy to implement Inefficient for more than 20 computers Convienent for small groups in close proximity Security must be configured manually Less expensive or free software, does not require a centralized server Increased training to educate users to use their computer as both a client and a server. Domain (Client/Server) Model The designation of one computer to centralize the administration of shared resources and security. It is generally recommended that a computer would be only used as either as a client or a server, but not both. For example, share files will be stored on the server. Windows NT/2K domain controllers, Active directory and Netware are examples of the client Server model. Client/Server or Domain Model Advantages Disadvantages Centralized resource sharing Significant administrative effort and overhead

Aristotle and Plato Essay

One of the greatest philosophers of all time was a man named Aristotle, the ancient greek philosopher. He was practically influenced every area of conceptual modern thinking. His mind set was in terms of materialism, which he essentially viewed substance on Earth before ideas and qualities. He genuinely believed in the notion of analyzing compounds and characteristics of people and their actions. Aristotle, who was a student of Plato, believed in â€Å"virtue of character and thought†, which means that virtue results from teaching, experience, and habits rather than Plato’s idealism notions of ideas and qualities (pg.265-266). He believed that peoples noble actions would lead to virtue and that all things in life had an end. That all ends must result in something good, an example would be an acorn, the end of an acorn would be an acorn tree. Aristotle believed that it was inevitable for humans to obtain happiness over a course of time and that this was the end for a human being. He believed that in order to be virtuous, one must first avoid temperance and deficiency. Aristotle also claims that justice can mean both lawfulness and fairness or injustice can mean unlawfulness and unfairness. His notion was that the law encouraged people to pursue virtue, therefore, the lawful person would result to being virtuous. In essence, he claims that people who pursue virtue will be just and those who do not pursue virtue will be unjust. He believed that sensory perceptions in the human soul are reflections of objects, and thoughts in consciousness are based on what we have already seen. Plato believed that the average person could not see the truth, therefore, the noble lie was essential to get people to pursue their natural form or task. A simple ascetic city with the notion of everyone having natural abilities to do a certain job was justice for Plato. In contrast, Aristotle, did not believe that humans had access to these perfect forms in their minds as a way to reach justice and the perfect city. He argues that justice is a complete virtue when exercising virtue in relation to others and that it requires intellectual virtue. That a virtuous person should pursue the most pleasant and happy life, which is the philosophical life of contemplation and speculation. The highest good for Aristotle is the end of a human, which is gained through virtuous action over their course of a life time. In order to live a life of virtue according to Aristotle, one must find the mean or good actions, which finding the mean is virtuous actions. By exercising virtue in relations to others is a good thing that will lead to a virtuous happy life and this will inevitably lead to an end of a human being, which is happiness. He was not a hedonist, his highest good reflected on reason, virtue, and experience that gains practical wisdom and that people learn from mistakes. This notion of a human gaining happiness by living a virtuous life reflects on his notion of a content society. Aristotle’s perception of justice was similar to Plato’s in the way that virtue related to both temperance and courage, but in all other aspects they were completely in contrast. Virtue consisted of habits and making right choices for the individual to be just, according to Aristotle. Virtue of temperance and courage causes people to be in a â€Å"good state† and to perform their â€Å"functions† well (pg. 269). Therefore, in order to acquire justice in Aristotle’s perception, virtue would have to take place within the individual’s state of character and reason for the whole in order to pursue virtue. Equality being about justice and exercising freedom was permissible according to Aristotle. He was really about diversity, but not a feminist, he clearly reduced the women’s roles in society, which was normal due to an era of sexism. There where three forms of happiness according to Aristotle- a life of pleasure and enjoyment, a life of free and responsibility, and a life as a thinker and philosopher. He rejected the imbalance of these premises and it was essential in human relationships. Therefore, finding the mean and his example of not to be cowardly or impulsive, but courageous. Aristotle believed in the mixture of constitutions, which means that if you mix â€Å"oligarchy† and â€Å"democracy†, which would be essentially â€Å"polity†; bringing a large middle class, then there can be more equality and justice among the citizens (pg. 403). He described democracy as a form of government that would overthrow the rich. Therefore, where the poor are predominant, there will be democracy. He’s implying that there is a better way; modern way to conduct a government where the people are not ruled by a monarch or tyranny. This means that if you rely on one type of constitution, then it would inevitably lead to depravity by changing into a bad constitution. An example would be if monarchy was established, then it would lead to tyranny or aristocracy to oligarchy. Aristotle’s notion was that in order to have equality, then a mixture of constitutions was necessary for justice. He he elaborates on constitutions, he is indicating the system of government that should be established. This relates to virtue because in order to be virtuous depravity must be impermissible and having a mixture of constitutions brings a balance to good. He advocates on having a massive middle class would be essential in order to have a balance of equality and fairness. He supports on having this large middle class because it will genuinely bring a balance in society and impact on politics according to Aristotle. The virtue of justice belongs to the city, a self-determination of what is just. He advocates on the art of acquisition; that wealth should have a limit. He does not seem to like people who are upset with moneymaking. He emphasized on that a democracy was essentially the worse type of government; just as a tyranny. If there is no large middle class, then democracy denounces to rule by the poor and Aristotle believed that it should be the rule of everyone or the many. Therefore, the mixture of democracy and oligarchy was essential to Aristotle for the sake of polity. Being a just person can lead to a life of virtue, which is acquired by noble actions and experience, in contrast with Plato’s ideology of perfect forms in the human mind being to abstract and delusional. However, Aristotle’s notion is to pursue a virtuous life by making right choices and learning from mistakes, which is very good because human beings are not perfect. Happiness would be considered the end of a human being and it’s acquired by virtue according to Aristotle and making choices on whether to be or not to be a just person. His perspective revolved around people living in communities or political communities and that politics was a characteristic for the well-being. He also incorporated public education being the means of a community and through the development of practical wisdom because he wanted people to learn from their mistakes, stating that there is no perfect idea of a society. When an individual acquired happiness, which was the highest good over their course of life, it was done by pursuing virtue and noble actions. Therefore, Aristotle’s theory involves a fair political view where there is a higher class, lower class, but more importantly, a massive middle class where everyone must participate in politics. In accordance to Aristotle’s and its success can be determined by the happiness of the citizens. Where each citizen has acquired the point of where they derive in moderation and are capable of distinguishing the means and the extremes and the good of society. He criticized Sparta on their austere culture and the citizen structure of a military society because he genuinely believed that it was not a content community. He did not lack humane values and he emphasized on how people should exercise virtue in relations to others. In essence, Aristotle’s theory offers a well established broad and fair view of a justice for a society and politics.

Dry Piston Vacuum Pump - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4346 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Commercializing the Kunst 1600 Dry Piston Vacuum Pump © James A. Narus James C. Anderson * June 2003 * James A. Narus is Professor of Business Marketing, Babcock Graduate School of Management, Wake Forest University. James C. Anderson is the William L. Ford Distinguished Professor of Marketing and Wholesale Distribution, and Professor of Behavioral Science in Management, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University. He is also the Irwin Gross Distinguished ISBM Research Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Business Markets (ISBM), located at Penn State University, and Visiting Research Professor, School of Technology Management, University of Twente, the Netherlands. Please note that we prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. We disguised all of the company names and some of the information on marketplace conditions. Send correspondence t o: James A. Narus Babcock Graduate School of Management Wake Forest University Suite 150, One Morrocroft Centre 6805 Morrison Boulevard Charlotte, NC 28226-3551 USA +1. 704. 365. 6717 (telephone) jim. [emailprotected] wfu. edu (e-mail)  © 2003, James C. Anderson and James A. Narus. All rights reserved. Commercializing the Kunst 1600 Dry Piston Vacuum Pump Evan Stone, a senior product manager at Kunst Vacuum Pumps, was excited as he lifted the prototype of a dry piston vacuum pump out of its shipping carton. Management of Kunst’s new parent company, Atler GmbH, had decided to test its ability to penetrate new market segments within the United States (U. S. ). Whereas Atler marketed the 1600 under its own name as a platform product to the scientific laboratory and health care segments, Kunst would sell it as a derivative product in previously untapped application segments. The division’s vice president, Will Metz, had named Evan to head up a team charged with fin ding new segments for and then commercializing the 1600. Evan looked forward to the challenge. Success would bring recognition from Atler’s senior management. As he placed the steel gray device on his desk, Evan recited to Will all the product information he could recall. The Kunst 1600 Dry Piston Vacuum Pump is a fractional horsepower, injection-molded aluminum pump, with a pumping speed of 1. 6 cubic feet per minute (CFM). The pump weighs 16. 5 pounds. The Kunst 1600 is a reconfigured compressor outfitted with a screen over its input nozzle to catch contaminants. Because it is a compressor, the Kunst 1600 can run longer and cooler than conventional vacuum pumps. This enables the Kunst 1600 to function more efficiently at lower pressure levels than competing products. And, the fact that it is injection-molded means that it has fewer working parts than more traditional models. In contrast to conventional pumps, the Kunst 1600 is oil-free. Kunst will sell the 1600 to its ne twork of wholesalers for $400, with a suggested resale price of $500. † â€Å"Will, this product along with the Kunst reputation for precision, reliability, and durability will make us the ‘Mercedes? ’of vacuum pumps in the U. S. †, Evan confidently predicted. Yet before Evan could begin to market the Kunst 1600, he had to make some critical decisions. First, Evan had to identify and target high potential market segment(s). He planned to do so by determining in which segment(s) the Kunst 1600 stood to deliver the greatest value. Evan speculated that the residential air-conditioning (AC) repair segment would offer the best opportunity. Second, Evan had to develop a value proposition for the Kunst 1600 for each segment targeted. At this point, he wasn’t sure whether to stress the fact that the pump did not require oil changes or that it had a projected lifetime of 6 years. BACKGROUND Based in Minneapolis, Kunst Vacuum Pumps is the recently acquired U. S. Division of Atler GmbH. During the previous fiscal year, Kunst sales soared to a 75-year record of $120 million. The firm manufactures top-end (i. e. 6 or more CFM) vacuum pumps for use in highly demanding laboratory, health care, and industrial applications. For example, in the lab, engineers rely on Kunst pumps in freeze-drying, vacuum oven, and distillation processes. In high tech industries, operations personnel employ Kunst pumps in the production of cathode ray tubes and computer chips. From a technical standpoint, Kunst pumps provide a â€Å"deeper draw† (i. e. , they can evacuate chambers down to almost a perfect vacuum) and are more efficient at lower pressure levels than competing models. Scientists, engineers, and health care professionals highly regard the Kunst brand name. Not surprisingly, Kunst holds a 60% market share in laboratory, health care, and industrial applications. Kunst Vacuum Pumps’ parent firm, Atler GmbH, is headquartered in Frankf urt, Germany. Last year, Atler revenues exceeded â‚ ¬ 5 billion. Founded in 1875, Atler produces diversified lines of high-quality and high-precision measurement instruments, testing equipment, compressors, and monitoring devices for hospitals and scientific laboratories. The firm has a reputation in Europe for its scientific discovery prowess, its reliable and accurate products, and its competent technical service. Atler acquired Kunst the previous year in order to penetrate new segments in the U. S. market. Importantly, Atler management believed that Kunst product lines and market segments were complementary to their own (e. g. , compressors and pumps rely on similar technologies) and that Kunst shared Atler’s commitment to superior craftsmanship. As a test case, they requested that Kunst take a 1. 6 CFM compressor, reconfigure it as a vacuum pump, and market it under the Kunst brand name to previously untapped market segments. If this approach was successful, Atler w ould begin to transfer a broad range of products to Kunst for marketing. On the other hand, failure might cause Atler management to doubt the wisdom of the Kunst acquisition. Evan and Will saw this as a golden opportunity for Kunst to grow sales and profits by penetrating new market segments, such as AC and refrigerator repairs. As contrasted with existing Kunst segments, technicians used vacuum pumps in these applications to â€Å"dehydrate† a refrigerant system during repairs. Rather than â€Å"sucking out† moisture from coils, valves, and motors, a vacuum pump actually lowered the pressure of the system so that water particles would â€Å"boil off† and then be exhausted. The process had three major benefits. First, it eliminated water droplets that could freeze into ice crystals. The accumulation of ice retards the flow of refrigerants, ultimately slowing and stopping the cooling process. Second, moisture over time combines with refrigerants to form hyd rochloric and hydrofluoric acids. These acids quickly corrode copper coils, valves, and motors. Vacuuming vaporizes these acids. In a traditional vacuum pump, system oil traps the acids. When a technician changes the oil, he or she removes these acids. In an oil-free pump like the Kunst 1600, the acid vapors are directly exhausted into the atmosphere. Third, vacuuming indicates whether or not there is a leak in the system. If a technician cannot draw down the pressure of a system, then there is a high probability that there is a crack, often small in size, in a coil or valve. Cracked coils are perhaps the most common cause of AC and refrigeration system failure. In deciding what size of vacuum pump is needed for a given repair job, residential AC and refrigerator repair contractors adhere to an industry heuristic known as the Rule of Seven that links vacuum pump and refrigeration system capacities. The rule specifies that pump â€Å"CFM times seven† yields the maximum r efrigeration system capacity (in tons of air) on which a given vacuum pump should be used. In this way, the rule of seven provides rough demarcations for market segments. For example, experts recommend a 1-1. 5 CFM pump for home and light commercial refrigerator repairs (e. g. , small restaurants, bakeries, and ice cream shops). For residential AC repairs, technicians suggest a 3-4 CFM pump. In his preliminary investigations, though, Evan was unable to find any documented scientific support for the rule. Market research indicates that the annual U. S. sales potential for vacuum pumps in each of these market segments to be as follows: home refrigerator repairs (60,000 units), light commercial refrigerator repairs (40,000 units), and residential AC repairs (125,000 units). About 15 vacuum pump manufacturers actively pursue business in these segments. Most firms are small in size (i. e. , less than $50 million in annual sales) and limit their efforts to one or two market segments. I n recent years, several German and Japanese manufacturers have entered the U. S. arketplace. The leading producers of 1-6 CFM vacuum pumps include AirMaster, Pump Wizard, Toledo Pump and Valve, and Vacuum Technologies. Pictures of the Kunst 1600 and AirMaster vacuum pumps appear in Exhibit 1. Manufacturers use heating, ventilation and AC (HVAC) wholesalers to reach residential AC firms, and AC and refrigeration (AR) wholesalers to sell to refrigerator repair firms. MARKET RESEARCH STUDY In order to prepare for the introduction of the Kunst 1600 and acquaint himself with new applications segments, Evan decided to initiate a market research study. He began by summarizing his initial beliefs about the marketplace. Evan was certain that the research would validate them. †¢I feel confident that the residential AC repair market offers the greatest opportunity for the Kunst 1600. Annual sales have topped 125,000 units and are growing at 15% per year as the population expands, parti cularly to the â€Å"Sun Belt. † Furthermore, I predict that AC contractors stand to gain the greatest value from the Kunst 1600. †¢Although most residential AC contractors use anywhere from 3 to 6 CFM vacuum pumps for repairs, I believe that we can make a convincing argument for the Kunst 1600. Most AC system nozzles and vacuum pump hoses are one-quarter inch in diameter. At that diameter, â€Å"resistance† retards the vacuuming process to the point where a 1. 6 CFM pump takes about the same length of time to evacuate a system as does a 6 CFM pump. †¢The most important benefit that the Kunst 1600 provides in all potential market segments is that technicians will not have to change the oil! All vacuum pump manuals recommend that technicians change the oil after each repair job. Each oil change typically takes a quart. At $8 per quart for specialty oil, that can be quite costly on an annual basis. Furthermore, it takes a technician around 30 minutes to c hange the oil on a 3 CFM pump. Given that the typical AC repair technician is paid a rate of $30 per hour, the labor costs associated with changing oil must be staggering. †¢Changing oil is a messy nuisance for every technician. Each time a repair technician has to clean up this oily mess, he or she uses $. 50 worth of a solvent-based scouring soap and $. 15 of a specialized cloth-fiber based towel. †¢To protect the environment, most U. S. ities require proper disposal and recycling of all oil-based liquids. The average charge for recycling used oil is around $5 per gallon. †¢The Kunst 1600 is made from injection-molded aluminum. It won’t rust like vacuum pumps made of steel. Furthermore, the Kunst 1600 has far fewer internal parts than competitive models. I predict that the Kunst 1600 will take more physical abuse (e. g. , being tossed into trucks and getting rained on) and be far more durable than traditional vacuum pumps. Our research engineers tell me that it should last at least 6 years in the field. Because it is constructed from aluminum, the Kunst 1600 will weigh 5 to 10 pounds less than competing products. Technicians will appreciate the weight savings. †¢Potential customers will be willing to pay a price premium to obtain a vacuum pump with the Kunst brand name on it. In order to gain â€Å"hands on† experience in these markets, Evan decided to test his beliefs with an extensive research study. The study would feature a series of 2 focus groups with AC and refrigerator repair firm owners or managers and field in-depth interviews with several repair technicians in each of three cities. A private marketing research firm would run the focus groups in Philadelphia, Atlanta, and Los Angeles. Evan selected these cities to reflect differing regional repair environments across the U. S. In each of the focus groups, participants would get the opportunity to examine the Kunst 1600 prototype and product literature. Evan plan ned to spend a day with each repair technician making repair calls. On each job site, Evan would encourage the repair technician to run a â€Å"side-by-side† test of the Kunst 1600 and their own pump. If other segments emerged, Evan would repeat the process for each. RESEARCH FINDINGS When the research had been completed, Evan reviewed the major findings with division vice president, Will Metz. â€Å"Will, the most important thing that I discovered is that AC and refrigerator repair is an art that technicians practice rather than a science that engineers meticulously execute. Many repair technicians have never completed rigorous training programs and few states certify technicians. Personal opinions, preferences, and ‘rules of thumb’ dictate how repair work is completed. Let’s review the research findings. † Residential AC Repair Segment The size of the AC repair firms participating in the research study ranged from single owner-operators who worked out of the backs of their pick-up or panel trucks to operations that employed 25 technicians and maintain 15 trucks in the field. On average, participating firms had three trucks. Contractors assigned one vacuum pump per truck and kept one or two extra pumps back at the office in case of pump failure. All residential repair contractors owned vacuum pumps between 3 and 6 CFM in capacity. The 3 CFM models were the most popular. They reported that 3 CFM vacuum pumps sell for around $250 while 6 CFM pumps cost about $320. Participants estimated that a pump typically lasts 5 years. Participants report that AC repair work is highly seasonal, lasting for about 20 weeks between late April and early September. In the Southern U. S. the season is longer and in the Northern states shorter. The typical repair technician completes 10 jobs a day, 5 days a week, for an average of 1000 jobs per season. In the peak of the season, they may work seven days a week. Job revenue and completion time varies widely; however, the average revenue per job is $350 with a net profit before taxes of $70. The typical job takes about an hour to complete. Contractors pay repair technicians an average of $30 per hour. Because technicians had to carry the pumps to unusual locations at job sites, they felt that the lighter the pump the better. They stated that the typical 6 CFM pump weighed around 30 pounds and the typical 3 CFM pump 20 pounds. They thought it was great that the aluminum body of the Kunst 1600 made it lighter than competitive models, however, they wondered if the aluminum would make it more vulnerable to breakage. Others thought that the acids exhausted from the Kunst 1600 would accumulate causing the aluminum housing to corrode rapidly. Focus group and field interviews confirmed that a vacuum pump is used for around 30 minutes in the typical repair job. Technicians maintained pumping time is not â€Å"idle† time in that they use it to complete other repair tasks, load equipment on their trucks, write up customer invoices, and develop a personal relationship with the homeowner. Thus, reducing vacuuming time would not necessarily reduce total job time. Additionally, technicians stated that vacuum pumps rarely failed on the job and if they did, they would radio the office and a manager would drive another pump out to the job site. Lost time due to pump failure was seen as negligible. The focus groups and interviews revealed that owners and technicians were not concerned about vacuuming precision. In the words of one technician, â€Å"As long as the needle on the pressure gauge is close to zero, I feel that I’ve done a reasonable job. † They also asserted that even if a technician failed to draw pressure down to an acceptable level, that the AC system would probably work acceptably for a few more months if not the entire cooling season. When the system broke down again, no one would be able to link the failure to a poor vacuum pumping job. Evan was surprised to learn that most repair firm owners considered vacuum pumps to be â€Å"disposable operating supplies†. Many did not even keep track of pump purchases. As one owner put it, â€Å"At $250 apiece, a vacuum pump is equivalent to the revenue from one repair job. † Another operator put it this way. â€Å"If a pump lasts 5 years and my repair person uses it to complete 5000 jobs, then a 3 CFM vacuum pump costs me around $. 05 per job while a 6 CFM pump costs $. 06. Frankly, I’m more concerned about having to pay $30 per hour for labor. And, I can’t find enough trained repair persons at that wage to keep up with all the jobs I have coming in! † Discussion of oil changes yielded contradictory and confusing results. Owners and technicians alike agreed that vacuum pump instructions called for oil to be changed after every job. However, to a person they stated that changing oil that frequently was unnecessary and that in fact, no one ever did. Instead, they estimated that the average technician changed the oil once a week. Some technicians even claimed to change the oil only once a season. At this point, disagreements between owners and technicians surfaced. Owners contended that it was the responsibility of each technician to check his or her equipment out each day and make sure it was in good operating order. However, they emphatically stated that they would never pay someone $30 per hour to change the oil. Instead, owners felt that the technicians should do the work â€Å"on their own time†. If worse came to worse, owners said they would assign the task to a part-time, maintenance worker ($12. 00 per hour). The contractors agreed that $8 per quart of oil, $. 0 for scouring soap, and $. 15 for towels were reasonable estimates. Repair technicians saw changing the oil as a â€Å"dirty little job†. It took about 30 minutes to complete. Many felt that it was up to the owners to get the oil changed. As one technician put it, â€Å"I show up for work each day on time and do first rate work. It’s up to the owner to provide equipment and tools in good working order. They should have the oil changed for me. † Technicians said that when they did change the oil they used about one quart of oil for 3-6 CFM pumps. They agreed that they used plenty of soap and paper towels cleaning up the mess after an oil change. Most residential AC repair firms contracted with disposal firms to recycle oil. Importantly, the fact that the Kunst 1600 did not require oil and oil changes caught and sustained both owner and technician interest. That is, until either the focus group moderator or Evan informed them that the Kunst 1600 had a 1. 6 CFM rating. Citing the Rule of Seven for support, every participant stated that the Kunst 1600 was â€Å"too small† to handle residential AC repair jobs. The typical technician commented, â€Å"It would take me 2-3 hours to complete a job with a 1. 6 CFM pump. If I wanted to get done in a half hour, I would have to use 3-4 of them simultaneously. † When informed that the quarter inch nozzle on most AC systems would create resistance and equate the time it took a 1. 6 CFM and a 6 CFM pump to evacuate a system, none of the focus group participants were convinced. In the words of one contractor, â€Å"This runs counter to my 25 years of experience, not to mention the Rule of Seven. No one in the industry will believe you. To Evan’s further disappointment, the side-by-side tests of his resistance theory proved to be inconclusive. Study respondents identified Pump Wizard as the top brand in the industry for over 40 years. They volunteered the fact that Pump Wizard had designed its vacuum pumps exclusively for the residential AC repair marketplace. No one expressed any dissatisfaction with any aspect of Pump Wizard vacuum pumps. Participants said that AirMaster and Vacuum Technologies currently offered competitive models of equal quality. All three firms priced their 3 CFM pumps at around $250 and their 6 CFM pumps at $320. When the moderator or Evan showed study participants the prototype of the Kunst 1600, they universally stated, â€Å"Why this doesn’t look like a vacuum pump at all. † In fact, most competing models resembled hand-held vacuum cleaners that most families had around the house. And, when asked what their overall opinion of the Kunst brand was, the vast majority of respondents said that they had never heard of the name. Participants overwhelmingly concluded, â€Å"This pump would be better suited for home and light commercial refrigerator repairs. † Home and Light Commercial Refrigerator Repair Segments Following up on the residential AC participants’ suggestion, Evan repeated the market research procedure for the home and light commercial repair segments. He gathered the following information. An individual owner -operator runs the typical home or light commercial refrigerator repair firm, working out of the back of a pick-up or panel truck. Firms tend to specialize in either home or light commercial repairs. Larger firms that do contract work for appliance retailer chains may have up to 15 repair technicians working for them. A refrigerator repair technician uses a 1 to 1. 5 CFM vacuum pump. Participants in the study thought that a 1 to 1. 5 CFM pump might have a five-year lifetime. On home refrigerator jobs, technicians typically use a 1 CFM vacuum pump for around 15 minutes. Participants did not see any benefit to reducing this meager amount of vacuuming time. Home repairs generate an average of $90 in revenue, with a net profit before taxes of $10. The typical technician completes 7 jobs a day. Work is spread out evenly across the year. Repair firms pay technicians about $15 per hour. Light commercial work might entail fixing a refrigerated dessert carousel at a restaurant or a ref rigerated display case at a bakery or ice cream shop. Each job brings in an average of $200 in revenue, with a net profit before taxes of $30. Technicians do about 5 jobs per day and receive $24 per hour in wages. Light commercial work occurs throughout the year; however, emergency repairs skyrocket during the summer and there are often more jobs available than a given repair firm can handle. A light commercial refrigerator-repair technician typically uses a 1. CFM vacuum pump for 30 minutes. Repair firm owners consider this to be â€Å"idle time† as there are fewer tasks to perform in refrigerator repairs and technicians must complete them sequentially. In this application, Evan’s side-by-side tests revealed an unexpected finding. The Kunst 1600’s ability to work more efficiently at lower pressure levels enabled technicians to reduce vacuuming time by 10 minutes on the typical job. During the 12 hectic weeks of summer, technicians would be able to convert the t ime saved into revenue by completing at least two more jobs per week. Home and light commercial refrigerator-repair technicians change the oil on their vacuum pumps typically once a month. They use one pint or $4 of oil per change. As most of these firms are owner-operated out of the back of a pick-up or panel truck, they find changing oil to be an annoyance. On average it takes a technician 30 minutes to change the oil on a 1 to 1. 5 CFM pump. Technicians change the oil during working hours between jobs. Participants found the $. 50 cost of scouring soap and $. 15 of towels per clean-up to be reasonable estimates. Due to their small size, refrigerator repair firms rarely contract with oil disposal firms and are more likely to pay the $5 per gallon disposal charge at municipal recycling centers. Allegedly, refrigerator repair technicians are more likely to â€Å"toss used oil in deserted dumpsters† than counterparts in other segments. Evan noted that the fines for dumpi ng a gallon of oil average around $150 for the individual plus $2000 for his or her company. According to an environmental action committee study, only about 10% of these violators are caught and successfully prosecuted. Respondents named AirMaster as the number one brand of 1 to 1. 5 CFM pumps. An AirMaster 1 CFM pump costs $150 and weighs 10 pounds and a 1. 5 CFM pump $200 and 15 pounds. None of the refrigerator owners or technicians was familiar with the Kunst brand. Resolving an Inconsistency in the Findings Evan was perplexed by one major inconsistency in market research findings. If respondent predictions of vacuum pump lifetimes were correct, annual sales of vacuum pumps would never be so high. To resolve this discrepancy, Evan interviewed 9 managers from HVAC and AR wholesalers that market vacuum pumps. According to wholesaler managers, most repair firms do not keep track of their vacuum pump purchases and overestimate pump lifetime. On the other hand, wholesaler manag ers claimed that they meticulously tracked customer firm purchases via their electronic point-of-sale systems. They stated that with â€Å"reasonable care† and frequent oil changes a 3-6 CFM vacuum pump used in residential AC repair work might last an average of 2. 5 years. A 1 CFM pump used in home refrigerator repair lasts about 3 years. And, a 1. CFM vacuum pump employed in light commercial refrigerator repairs lasts about 2 years. However, as one wholesaler manager sagely observed, â€Å"Many repair technicians do not take good care of their pumps and change the oil as often as they should. Acid build up corrodes internal parts and physical abuse causes the pumps to fail prematurely. But hey, that’s fine with me – I get to sell more pumps! † CONCLUSION â€Å"Those are the major findings, Will,† Evan said. â€Å"The market research certainly hasn’t supported my initial beliefs, yet there still may be an opportunity for the Kunst 1600. Given what we know now, what segment(s) do you think we should target? † As for devising a value proposition, Evan thought that one contractor’s comment summed up the challenge, â€Å"If you can’t show me how your vacuum pump is going to increase the number of jobs I can do per week or cut my operating costs, I don’t want to hear about it! † As he stared at the minimalist painting of a windmill on his office wall, Evan wondered how he could best convey the superior value of the Kunst 1600 to targeted prospective customers. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What are the major, quantifiable value and price elements associated with the Kunst 1600? 2. What additional value placeholders, elements not presently quantified, merit consideration in your value model? 3. Construct a customer value model for the Kunst 1600 in the residential AC, home refrigerator, and light commercial refrigerator repair market segments. 4. Using your value model, select a target mar ket segment(s) for commercialization efforts. Justify your choice. 5. Write a value proposition for the Kunst 1600 for the target market(s). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dry Piston Vacuum Pump" essay for you Create order